The Orthopaedic Center of Central Virginia

Patient Education

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Arm Topics (6)

Fingers

Arthritis at the base of the thumb: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment.

Arthritis at the base of the thumb: ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy.

Bent fingers: Boutonniere deformity
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Pictures are provided to help you understand the condition.

Bent trigger finger: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Pictures are provided to help you understand the condition.

Bent trigger finger: ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the abnormal anatomy.

deQuervain's tendonitis
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy and possible surgical interventions.

Difficulty extending fingers: Dupuytren's Disease
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy and possible surgical interventions.

Finger fractures
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as treatment and rehabilitation.

Finger tip injuries and amputations
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of first aid, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment.

Flexor tendon injuries
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of the condition including treatment and rehabilitation. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy.

Metacarpophalangeal joint arthritis
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy and possible surgical interventions.

Thumb sprain (Gamekeeper's/Skier's Thumb)
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment.

Hand

Carpal tunnel syndrome: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Pictures are provided to help you understand the condition.

Dupuytren's Contracture
This web site of Southern California Orthopedic Institute it provides a brief discussion of this injury.

Ganglion Cysts: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Pictures are provided to help you visualize the condition.

Ganglion Cysts: ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy.

Hand Anatomy
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides excellent pictures and a brief discussion of hand anatomy.

Hand fractures: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment.

Hand fractures: ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy and possible surgical interventions.

Nerve injuries
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptom and treatment and the patient’s role in recovery. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy and condition.

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy or Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes signs and symptoms, staging as well as treatment.

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy or Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome: ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptom, staging and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the condition.

Rheumatoid disease of the hand
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the condition.

Wrist

Lack of blood flow: Kienbock's Disease
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms, staging and surgical options.

Triangular fibrocartilage complex tear
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides a brief yet thorough discussion of TFCC injuries.

Wrist fractures
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of Colle’s fractures.

Wrist joint replacement surgery
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of implant design and insertion as well as post surgical rehabilitation.

Wrist sprains
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, prevention and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format.

Wrist-bone fractures
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment options for scaphoid fractures.

Elbow

"Funny Bone" tingling: Ulnar nerve entrapment or cubital tunnel syndrome
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment.

Arthritis of the elbow
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms as well as surgical and non-surgical treatment.

Cubital tunnel syndrome
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides a brief yet thorough discussion of this injury.

Elbow Anatomy
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides excellent pictures and a brief discussion of elbow anatomy.

Elbow bursitis
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms and treatment.

Elbow dislocation
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms and treatment.

Elbow fractures in adults
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms evaluation and classification as well as treatment.

Elbow fractures in adults: Radial Head
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms and treatment based on the classification of the fracture.

Elbow fractures in children
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, prevention and treatment based on the classification of the fracture.

Golfer's Elbow (medial epicondylitis)
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides a brief yet thorough discussion of this injury.

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis): ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided o help you understand the anatomy.

Tennis elbow: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and early treatment.

Throwing elbow injuries
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment.

Shoulders

A-C joint injury
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides a brief yet thorough discussion of this injury.

Rotator Cuff/Impingment Syndrome
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides a brief yet thorough discussion of this injury.

Shoulder Anatomy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides a brief yet thorough discussion of this injury.

Shoulder Anatomy: scoi
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides excellent pictures and a brief discussion of shoulder anatomy.

Shoulder Instability
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides a brief yet thorough discussion of this injury.

Shoulder joint replacement
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of implant design and construction as well as postoperative rehabilitation. Pictures are provided to help illustrate the implant insertion.

Arm

Biceps tendon rupture
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment.

Biceps tendonitis
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. Pictures are provided to help you understand anatomy.

Broken arm
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment, including important first aid treatment.

Forearm fractures in children
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. The web site lists and describes the most common fracture types.

Arthritis Topics (7)

Knee

Knee arthritis
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses the different types of arthritis, signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment of knee arthritis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis
This web site provides a brief introduction to Rheumatoid arthritis including causes, signs and symptoms and diagnostic procedures that are common to this diagnosis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Foot and Ankle
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses Rheumatoid Arthritis as it pertains to the foot and ankle.

Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the condition.

Hip

Osteoarthritis in the hip
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and provides a brief yet thorough overview of osteoarthritis of the hip.

Foot and Ankle

Foot and Ankle Arthritis
This web site is sponsored by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. It answers the basic questions about the arthritic foot and offers information on the treatment of this condition.

Hand

Arthritis at the base of the thumb: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment.

Arthritis at the base of the thumb: ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy.

Metacarpophalangeal joint arthritis
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy and possible surgical interventions.

Elbow

Arthritis of the elbow
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms as well as surgical and non-surgical treatment.

Arthritis

All About Arthritis
This web site provides up to date facts in addition to several human interest areas.

An audio-visual tutorial
This unique web site reads the text aloud to the viewer. The audio portion is accompanied by large type. This web site reviews all types of arthritis.

Arthritis Foundation
This web site is the homepage of the Arthritis Foundation, dedicated to providing up to date information. This site has a disease index for most of the rheumatoid-related diseases.

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
This web site provides current demographic information and discusses arthritis from a public health standpoint.

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
This web site is formatted as question and answer and may answer some of your questions.

Arthroscopy Topics (2)

Wrist

Wrist arthroscopy: AAOS
This web site is from the American Academy of Orthopaedic surgeons and provides a brief overview of uses of arthroscopic procedures.

Wrist arthroscopy: ASSH
This we site is from the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. It provides information in a question answer format and illustrations to help explain the equipment and procedure.

Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and discusses several points about Arthroscopy including which joints are commonly arthroscoped, advantages, risks and recovery.

Back Topics (3)

Lower Back

Degenerative Disc Disease
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this condition.

Facet Joint Arthritis
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this condition.

Herniated Disc
This site provides a brief yet thorough discussion of this injury. The web site provides several excellent pictures to help with difficult concepts.

Muscle Strain
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this injury.

Neuropathic Pain
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this condition.

Piriformis Syndrome
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this injury.

Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this condition.

Scoliosis
This site provides some brief answers to common questions parents may have when their child is diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis.

Spinal Stenosis
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this condition.

Spondylolisthesis
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this condition.

Neck

Myelopathy
This is a page selected from Spine Health that provides a thorough discussion of this injury.

Neck Fractures
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It provides hints for prevention and treatment of neck fractures in both an emergent and nonemergent scenario.

Neck Radiculopathy
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It briefly discusses causes, diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy.

Spondylosis
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It briefly discusses what symptoms you might be experiencing, diagnostic and treatment options.

Sprain
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It briefly discusses what symptoms you might be experiencing, diagnostic and treatment options.

Spine

Iscoliosis.com
This is a web site geared toward younger patients with idiopathic scoliosis, the most common type of scoliosis that occurs in children and young adults.

North American Spine Society
The official web site of the North American Spine Society, an international organization whose interest is spine care.

Osteoporosis
This is a page selected from Spine Universe that provides a thorough discussion of this illness.

Spine Anatomy
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedics. A brief yet thorough discussion of anatomy is available. Pictures are included to help with difficult concepts.

Spine-health.com
This is a very educational web site with interactive spine animations to aid in your understanding the anatomy and treatment options.

SpineUniverse.com
This is a very informative, comprehensive web site which discusses nearly all spine conditions. It has great discussions and anatomic pictures to help understand your problem, including both surgical and non-surgical options.

Cartilage Replacement Topics (1)

Cartilage Replacement

Carticel: The repair of articular cartilage injuries
This web site discusses the carticel procedure and which patients may benefit from this surgical procedure.

Cartilage Replacement
This is a brief overview of the carticel cartilage replacement procedure, pictures are provided to help with difficult concepts.

Fractures Topics (1)

Fractures

Broken arm
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment, including important first aid treatment.

Cast Care
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it answers several common questions regarding cast and splint care.

Elbow fractures in adults
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms evaluation and classification as well as treatment.

Elbow fractures in adults: Radial Head
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms and treatment based on the classification of the fracture.

Elbow fractures in children
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, prevention and treatment based on the classification of the fracture.

Falls and hip fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briedfly discusses the epidemiological information pertaining to falls and hip fractures.

Finger fractures
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as treatment and rehabilitation.

Forearm fractures in children
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. The web site lists and describes the most common fracture types.

Hand fractures: AAOS
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of signs and symptoms, evaluation as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment.

Hand fractures: ASSH
This web site is written by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment. This site is written in an easy to follow question and answer format. Pictures are provided to help you understand the anatomy and possible surgical interventions.

Heel fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses diagnosis as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment options.

Hip fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses diagnosis and treatment options.

Internal fixation for fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses several internal fixation devices including: wires, plates, screws. nails and external fixation devices.

Neck fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses mechanisms of injury and treatment.

Stress fractures: AAOS
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses who is at risk for stress fractures, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Stress fractures: AOFAS
This web site is sponsored by the American Orthopaedic Foot an Ankle Surgeons, It discusses the causes of stress fractures as well as the treatment. There are several x-rays that are used to illustrate the important concepts.

Thigh bone fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses diagnosis, treatment options and possible complications.

Thigh bone fractures in kids
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses mechanisms of injury as well as treatment options.

Toe and forefoot fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses the types of fractures, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.

Types of fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses how fractures occur as well as a description of the different types of fractures.

Wrist fractures
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of Colle’s fractures.

Wrist-bone fractures
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment options for scaphoid fractures.

Joint Replacement Topics (6)

Wrist Replacement

Wrist joint replacement surgery
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of implant design and insertion as well as post surgical rehabilitation.

Shoulder Replacement

Shoulder joint replacement
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of implant design and construction as well as postoperative rehabilitation. Pictures are provided to help illustrate the implant insertion.

Manufacturers of Joint Implants

Biomet
Company-specific products for hip and knee replacements.

Depuy
Company-specific products for hip and knee replacements.

Knee Replacement

Activity after a knee replacement
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it answers what to expect in the hospital and at discharge. Medication, diet, and return to normal function are also discussed.

Knee Implants
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses implant design and construction as well as several common variations. It also briefly describes insertion of each component. Pictures are provided to help your understanding.

Knee Replacements
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses the cemented versus cementless variations.

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses unicompartmental knee replacements and discusses if you may be a candidate for this surgery.

Unicompartmental knee replacements
This website is an excellent edcuational site for unicompartmental knee replacements. It provides many pictures to help explain difficult concepts. This web site also explains many pros and cons about this surgical procedure.

 

Hip Replacement

Activity after a hip replacement
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it answers what to expect in the hospital and at discharge. A list of do’s and don’ts are also provided to help answer any questions.

Hip replacement: AAOS
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It provides an overview of why you might need a hip replacement. There are many excellent pictures to illustrate the important points. Discusses key point from presurgical evaluation to postoperative recovery.

Hip replacement: NIAMS
This web site is sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders. It is written in an easy to follow question and answer format.

Joint Replacement

Deep Vein Thrombosis
American Academy of Orthopedic surgeons web site. This web site answers several common questions regarding deep vein thromboses. Pictures are provided to help your understanding.

Dental work after a joint replacement
American Academy of Orthopedic surgeons web site. This web site answers when and why antibiotics are needed after joint replacement surgery.

Overview of Total Joint Replacement
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons web site. Written in a question and answer format.

Leg Topics (5)

Foot

Bunion
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses the signs and symptoms as well as basic treatment interventions of bunions.

Claw toe
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses the symptoms, evaluation and treatment of claw toes.

Diabetic foot
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses the importance of foot care in diabetics. It also provides ideas for proper foot care in diabetics.

Foot pain/Metatarsalgia
This is a web site of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. It briefly discusses causes and treatment of foot pain.

Hammer toe
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it discusses the causes as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment of hammer toes.

Heel fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses diagnosis as well as surgical and nonsurgical treatment options.

Heel pain
This web site is sponsored by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, it briefly discusses the differential diagnoses based on where in the heel you have pain.

Ingrown toenail
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses the condition, treatment options and prevention of further occurrences.

Morton's neuroma: AAOS
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses the condition, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Orthotic devices
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses what conditions may benefit from which type of orthotic. The information is organized in an easy to read chart.

Plantar fasciitis
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses who is at risk and early treatment interventions. Pictures are provided to aid in your understanding.

Stress fractures: AAOS
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses who is at risk for stress fractures, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Stress fractures: AOFAS
This web site is sponsored by the American Orthopaedic Foot an Ankle Surgeons. It discusses the causes of stress fractures as well as the treatment. There are several x-rays that are used to illustrate the important concepts.

Toe and forefoot fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses the types of fractures, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.

Ankle

Achilles tendonitis
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses Achilles’ tendonitis including mechanisms, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.

Ankle Anatomy: scoi
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides excellent pictures and a brief discussion of ankle anatomy.

Arthritis
This is a web site of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, it discusses arthritis of the foot and ankle. Several pictures are provided to help you understand the disease process and anatomy.

Arthritis of the foot and ankle
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses arthritis of the foot and ankle including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options.

Broken ankle
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses ankle fractures including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. Pictures are provided to help you understand the injury.

Sprained ankle
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses ankle sprains including symptoms, treatment and rehabilitation.

Knee

Activity after a knee replacement
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses common goals and limitations of patients following knee replacement surgery both in the hospital and at home.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It provides an overview of why you might need Anterior Cruciate Ligament surgery as well as discusses key points from presurgical evaluation to postoperative recovery.

Arthritis
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses the different common types of arthritis in the knee as well as diagnostic and treatment options.

Arthroscopy
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and discusses several points about Arthroscopy including which joints are commonly arthroscoped, advantages, risks and recovery.

Bursitis
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses bursitis in the knee including who’s at risk, symptoms, treatment options and prevention.

Cartilage Replacement
This is a brief overview of the carticel cartilage replacement procedure, pictures are provided to help with difficult concepts.

Female athletes and knee injuries
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses several theories as to why female athletes are more likely to suffer ACL injuries.

Knee Anatomy: scoi
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides excellent pictures and a brief discussion of knee anatomy.

Knee implants
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses implant design, construction and insertion.

Meniscal tears
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses meniscal tears in the knee including symptoms, treatment option. Pictures are provided to help illustrate the different types of meniscal tears.

Osgood-Schlatter's disease
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses Osgood-Schlatter’s disease in the knee including who’s at risk, symptoms, treatment options and prevention.

Posterior cruciate ligament injury
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses Posterior Cruciate Ligament injuries in the knee including mechanisms of injury, symptoms, treatment options and rehabilitation.

Sever's Disease
This a brief overview of the disease provided by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute.

Sprains
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses the most common knee ligament sprains including symptoms, treatment options and rehabilitation. Pictures are provided to help you understand the knee ligament anatomy.

Total knee replacement
This web site is sponsored by the American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It addresses many frequently asked questions from presurgical evaluation to postoperative recovery. There are many excellent illustrations to stress important or difficult concepts.

Unicompartmental knee replacements
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discussed who is eligible, and the benefits of this particular surgery.

Unstable kneecap
This is a web site of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It discusses Osgood-Schlatter’s disease in the knee including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. Pictures are provided to help you understand anatomy.

Hip

Avascular Necrosis
This web site is sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders. It is written in an easy to follow question and answer format.

Hip Anatomy
This web site is written by the Southern California Orthopedic Institute and provides excellent pictures and a brief discussion of hip anatomy.

Hip replacement: AAOS
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. It provides an overview of why you might need a hip replacement. There are many excellent pictures to illustrate the important points. Discusses key point from presurgical evaluation to postoperative recovery.

Hip replacement: NIAMS
This web site is sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders. It is written in an easy to follow question and answer format.

Osteoarthritis in the hip
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and provides a brief yet thorough overview of osteoarthritis of the hip.

Leg

Thigh bone (Femur) fractures
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses diagnosis, treatment options and possible complications.

Thigh bone (Femur) fractures in kids
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and provides a brief yet thorough overview of pediatric femur fractures, including signs and symptoms, first aid treatment, and reduction and immobilization.

Thigh muscle strains
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and provides a brief yet thorough overview of muscle strains of the thigh, including signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

 

Scoliosis Topics (1)

Scoliosis

Scoliosis Research Society
This is the web site for the Scoliosis Research Society. It provides detailed patient information including definitions of the different types of scoliosis and many images to help illustrate otherwise difficult concepts.

Sports Medicine Topics (1)

Sports Medicine

ACL reconstruction
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment options.

American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine
Home page for the American orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine

Female athletes and knee injuries
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses some of the theories behind why female athletes are more likely to injure their ACL.

Meniscal Injuries
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment options. Pictures are provided to help you understand meniscal injuries.

National Athletic Trainer's Association
Home page for the National Athletic Trainer’s Association.

Shoe wear
This web site is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it briefly discusses different types of athletic shoes and gives some pointers for trying shoes on to assure proper fitting.

Throwing athlete elbow injuries
This web site is written by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, it provides a good basic overview of causes, signs and symptoms and treatment.